The transition to post-quantum cryptography may be one of the largest cybersecurity challenges in history. While cryptographically relevant quantum computers do not yet exist, governments and organizations must begin preparing now to protect the digital systems that underpin economies, public services and critical infrastructure. Yet many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face significant financial, technical and workforce barriers to making this transition.
This discussion paper argues that the challenge is not only technological, but also one of global governance. To date, discussions on post-quantum cryptography have focused largely on national preparedness, with limited attention to the international cooperation needed to prevent quantum-enabled cyber risks from widening existing digital divides.
As the window for preparation narrows, the paper calls for international institutions, donor governments and capable coalitions to make quantum resilience a strategic development priority. It recommends targeted support for quantum risk assessments, cryptographic modernization, workforce development and technical capacity-building, with quantum risk auditing identified as the most urgent area for action.
Without coordinated international support, the rise of quantum-enabled cyber threats could leave the most vulnerable countries increasingly exposed. Building quantum resilience now is essential to ensuring that the benefits of digital development remain secure and accessible for all.
Read "International Inequality and Post-Quantum Cryptography" here.
